Quarter 1 Benchmark Focus Area: Cell
Biology/Genetics
The information
in items 1 and 2 is a summary of what will be covered on the quarter 1 benchmark exam. The multiple
choice questions that follow can be used to prepare for the exam. If you feel that any of the items
listed in 1 and 2 were not covered sufficiently by the multiple choice questions, we can review them
in class.
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1.
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Students know the fundamental life processes of plants and animals
depend
on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas
of the
organism's cells. As a basis for understanding this
concept:
Students know
cells are enclosed within semi-permeable membranes that regulate
their
interaction with their surroundings.
Students know
enzymes are proteins and catalyze biochemical reactions without
altering the
reaction equilibrium. The activity of enzymes depends on the
temperature,
ionic conditions and pH of the surroundings.
Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those
from plants
and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general
structure.
Students know
usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts, and stored
via the
synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored
chemical bond energy
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2.
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Students know the genetic composition of cells can be altered
by
incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells. As a basis for
understanding
this concept:
Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA,
and protein.
Students know
how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA
during
semi-conservative replication, and transcription of information from DNA
into
mRNA.
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Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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Figure
7-1
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3.
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The
structure labeled I in Figure 7-1 is a thin, flexible barrier around a cell. It is called
the a. | cell
membrane. | b. | cell wall. | c. | cell
envelope. | d. | cytoplasm. | | |
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4.
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Prokaryotes lack a. | cytoplasm. | b. | a cell
membrane. | c. | a nucleus. | d. | genetic
material. | | |
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5.
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Which
of the following contains a nucleus? a. | prokaryotes | b. | bacteria | c. | eukaryotes | d. | organelles | | |
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6.
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Eukaryotes usually contain a. | a nucleus. | b. | specialized
organelles. | c. | genetic material. | d. | all of the
above | | |
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7.
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Which
of the following organisms are prokaryotes? a. | plants | b. | animals | c. | bacteria | d. | all of the
above | | |
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8.
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Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is a. | found in all
organisms. | b. | composed of a lipid bilayer. | c. | a flexible
barrier. | d. | made of tough fibers. | | |
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9.
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Which
organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for growth, development, and
movement? a. | chloroplast | b. | Golgi apparatus | c. | endoplasmic
reticulum | d. | mitochondrion | | |
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10.
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Which
organelles help provide cells with energy? a. | mitochondria and chloroplasts | b. | rough
endoplasmic reticulum | c. | smooth endoplasmic reticulum | d. | Golgi apparatus
and ribosomes | | |
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11.
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Which
of the following is a function of the cell membrane? a. | breaks down
lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods | b. | stores water,
salt, proteins, and carbohydrates | c. | keeps the cell wall in place | d. | regulates which
materials enter and leave the cell | | |
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12.
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The
cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to the other. What
are these channels and pumps made of? a. | carbohydrates | b. | lipids | c. | bilipids | d. | proteins | | |
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13.
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a. | an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration. | b. | an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration. | c. | an area of
equilibrium to an area of high concentration. | d. | all of the
above | | |
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14.
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Diffusion occurs because a. | molecules constantly move and collide with each
other. | b. | the concentration of a solution is never the same throughout a
solution. | c. | the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a
solution. | d. | molecules never move or collide with each
other. | | |
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15.
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When
the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules
will a. | move across the
membrane to the outside of the cell. | b. | stop moving across the membrane. | c. | move across the
membrane in both directions. | d. | move across the membrane to the inside of the
cell. | | |
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16.
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Which
means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell? a. | diffusion | b. | osmosis | c. | facilitated
diffusion | d. | active transport | | |
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17.
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The
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called a. | osmotic
pressure. | b. | osmosis. | c. | facilitated
diffusion. | d. | active transport. | | |
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18.
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An
animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure
causes a. | water to move
into the cell. | b. | water to move out of the cell. | c. | solutes to move
into the cell. | d. | solutes to move out of the cell. | | |
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19.
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Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called a. | autotrophs. | b. | heterotrophs. | c. | thylakoids. | d. | pigments. | | |
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20.
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Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they
eat are called a. | autotrophs. | b. | heterotrophs. | c. | thylakoids. | d. | plants. | | |
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21.
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Which
of the following is an autotroph? a. | mushroom | b. | impala | c. | leopard | d. | tree | | |
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22.
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What
are the three parts of an ATP molecule? a. | adenine, thylakoids, stroma | b. | stroma, grana,
chlorophyll | c. | adenine, ribose, phosphate | d. | NADH, NADPH, and
FADH2 | | |
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23.
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Energy is released from ATP when a. | a phosphate group is added. | b. | adenine bonds to
ribose. | c. | ATP is exposed to sunlight. | d. | a phosphate
group is removed. | | |
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24.
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Which
of the following is NOT a true statement about ATP? a. | ATP consists of
ribose, adenine, and phosphate. | b. | ADP forms when ATP releases energy. | c. | ATP provides
energy for the mechanical functions of cells. | d. | Used ATP is
discarded by the cell as waste. | | |
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Figure
8-1
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25.
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Which
structures shown in Figure 8-1 make up an ATP molecule? a. | A and
B | b. | A, B, and
C | c. | A, B, C, and
D | d. | C and
D | | |
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26.
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In
Figure 8-1, between which parts of the molecule must the bonds be broken to form an ADP
molecule? a. | A and
B | b. | B and
C | c. | C and
D | d. | all of the
above | | |
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27.
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A
student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of
27°C. The gas being collected is probably a. | oxygen. | b. | carbon
dioxide. | c. | ATP. | d. | vaporized water. | | |
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28.
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Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into a. | oxygen. | b. | high-energy sugars. | c. | ATP and
oxygen. | d. | oxygen and high-energy sugars. | | |
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29.
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Which
of the following are used in the overall reactions for photosynthesis? a. | carbon
dioxide | b. | water | c. | light | d. | all of the above | | |
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30.
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In
the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide result in six molecules
of a. | glucose. | b. | water. | c. | oxygen. | d. | ATP. | | |
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31.
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Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules
called a. | pigments. | b. | thylakoids. | c. | chloroplasts. | d. | glucose. | | |
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32.
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Plants take in the sun’s energy by absorbing a. | high-energy
sugars. | b. | chlorophyll a. | c. | chlorophyll
b. | d. | sunlight. | | |
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33.
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Most
plants appear green because chlorophyll a. | does not absorb green light. | b. | reflects violet
light. | c. | absorbs green light. | d. | none of the
above | | |
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34.
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Which
region of the visible spectrum is not absorbed well by chlorophyll? a. | blue | b. | violet | c. | green | d. | red | | |
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35.
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A
granum is a a. | stack of
chloroplasts. | b. | stack of thylakoids. | c. | membrane
enclosing a thylakoid. | d. | photosynthetic pigment molecule. | | |
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36.
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The
stroma is the space that surrounds a. | thylakoids. | b. | chloroplasts. | c. | plant cells. | d. | all of the
above | | |
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37.
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Where
in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found? a. | in the stroma | b. | in the
thylakoid | c. | in the ATP | d. | in the
glucose | | |
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38.
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Where
do the light-dependent reactions take place? a. | in the stroma | b. | outside the
chloroplasts | c. | in the thylakoid membranes | d. | only in
chlorophyll molecules | | |
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39.
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What
are the products of the light-dependent reactions? a. | oxygen
gas | b. | ATP | c. | NADPH | d. | all of the
above | | |
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40.
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Which
step is the beginning of photosynthesis? a. | Pigments in photosystem I absorb
light. | b. | Pigments in photosystem II absorb
light. | c. | High-energy electrons move through the electron transport
chain. | d. | ATP synthase allows H+ ions to pass through the
thylakoid membrane. | | |
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41.
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Which
pathway represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a. | H2O
® Photosystem I
® Photosystem
II | b. | O2
® ADP
® Calvin
cycle | c. | Photosystem I ® Calvin cycle ® NADPH | d. | H2O
® NADPH
® Calvin
cycle | | |
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42.
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The
Calvin cycle is another name for a. | light-independent reactions. | b. | light-dependent
reactions. | c. | photosynthesis. | d. | all of the
above | | |
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43.
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The
Calvin cycle takes place in the a. | stroma. | b. | photosystems. | c. | thylakoid membranes. | d. | chlorophyll
molecules. | | |
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44.
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What
is a product of the Calvin cycle? a. | oxygen gas | b. | ATP | c. | high-energy sugar | d. | carbon dioxide
gas | | |
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45.
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If
carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the
plant’s production of high-energy sugars? a. | More sugars will be produced. | b. | Fewer sugars
will be produced. | c. | The same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon
dioxide. | d. | Carbon dioxide does not affect the production of high-energy
sugars in plants. | | |
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46.
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Which
of the following affects the rate of photosynthesis? a. | water | b. | temperature | c. | light
intensity | d. | all of the above | | |
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47.
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If
you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens? a. | The rate of
photosynthesis increases with light intensity. | b. | The rate of
photosynthesis decreases with light intensity. | c. | The rate of
photosynthesis increases and then levels off. | d. | The rate of
photosynthesis does not change. | | |
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Figure
8-2
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48.
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Which
of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis?
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49.
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Which
of the graphs in Figure 8-2 represents the effect of light intensity on the rate of
photosynthesis?
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50.
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Which
of the following statements about enzymes is NOT true? a. | Enzymes work
best at a specified pH. | b. | All enzymes work inside cells. | c. | Enzymes are
proteins. | d. | Enzymes are organic catalysts. | | |
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51.
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Which
of the following statements is true about catalysts? a. | Catalysts slow
down the rate of chemical reactions. | b. | All catalysts are enzymes. | c. | Catalysts are
used up during a chemical reaction. | d. | Catalysts lower the activation energy of a chemical
reaction. | | |
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52.
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A
substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction is called a(an) a. | catalyst. | b. | lipid. | c. | molecule. | d. | element. | | |
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53.
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Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the a. | products of the
reaction. | b. | speed of the reaction. | c. | temperature of
the reaction. | d. | pH of the reaction. | | |
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54.
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Which
of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration? a. | glycolysis
® fermentation
® Krebs
cycle | b. | Krebs cycle ® electron transport ® glycolysis | c. | glycolysis
® Krebs cycle
® electron
transport | d. | Krebs cycle ® glycolysis ® electron transport | | |
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55.
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Which
of the following is released during cellular respiration? a. | oxygen | b. | air | c. | energy | d. | lactic
acid | | |
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56.
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Cellular respiration uses one molecule of glucose to produce a. | 2 ATP
molecules. | b. | 34 ATP molecules. | c. | 36 ATP
molecules. | d. | 38 ATP molecules. | | |
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57.
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What
is the correct equation for cellular respiration? a. | 6O2 + C6H12O6
® 6CO2
+ 6H2O + Energy | b. | 6O2 + C6H12O6 +
Energy ® 6CO2 + 6H2O | c. | 6CO2
+ 6H2O ® 6O2 + C6H12O6 +
Energy | d. | 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy ® 6O2
+ C6H12O6 | | |
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58.
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Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down a. | food
molecules. | b. | ATP. | c. | carbon dioxide. | d. | water. | | |
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59.
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What
are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration? a. | oxygen and
lactic acid | b. | carbon dioxide and water | c. | glucose and
oxygen | d. | water and glucose | | |
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60.
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Which
of these is a product of cellular respiration? a. | oxygen | b. | water | c. | glucose | d. | all of the
above | | |
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61.
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Which
of these processes takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell? a. | glycolysis | b. | electron transport | c. | Krebs
cycle | d. | all of the above | | |
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62.
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Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of a. | 2 ATP
molecules. | b. | 4 ATP molecules. | c. | 18 ATP
molecules. | d. | 36 ATP molecules. | | |
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63.
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The
starting molecule for glycolysis is a. | ADP. | b. | pyruvic acid. | c. | citric
acid. | d. | glucose. | | |
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64.
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Glycolysis requires a. | an energy input. | b. | oxygen. | c. | hours to produce many ATP molecules. | d. | NADP+. | | |
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65.
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Which
of the following acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration? a. | NAD+ | b. | pyruvic acid | c. | ADP | d. | ATP | | |
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66.
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The
two main types of fermentation are called a. | alcoholic and aerobic. | b. | aerobic and
anaerobic. | c. | alcoholic and lactic acid. | d. | lactic acid and
anaerobic. | | |
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67.
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In
the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by a. | lactic acid fermentation. | b. | alcoholic
fermentation. | c. | photosynthesis. | d. | the Krebs
cycle. | | |
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68.
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Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires a. | light. | b. | exercise. | c. | oxygen. | d. | glucose. | | |
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69.
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Which
organism is NOT likely to carry out cellular respiration? a. | tree | b. | mushroom | c. | anaerobic
bacterium | d. | tiger | | |
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70.
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The
starting molecule for the Krebs cycle is a. | glucose. | b. | NADH. | c. | pyruvic acid. | d. | coenzyme
A. | | |
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71.
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During one turn, the Krebs cycle produces a. | oxygen. | b. | lactic acid. | c. | electron
carriers. | d. | glucose. | | |
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72.
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The
electron transport chain can be found in a. | prokaryotes. | b. | animals. | c. | plants. | d. | all of the
above | | |
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73.
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In
eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the a. | mitochondria. | b. | chloroplasts. | c. | cell membrane. | d. | cytoplasm. | | |
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74.
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The
energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make a. | lactic
acid. | b. | citric acid. | c. | alcohol. | d. | ATP. | | |
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75.
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How
are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes? a. | Photosynthesis
releases energy, and cellular respiration stores energy. | b. | Photosynthesis
removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it
back. | c. | Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular
respiration puts it back. | d. | all of the above | | |
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76.
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Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to a. | chloroplasts. | b. | cytoplasm. | c. | mitochondria. | d. | nuclei. | | |
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77.
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Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in a. | animal cells
only. | b. | plant cells only. | c. | all but plant
cells. | d. | all eukaryotic cells. | | |
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Figure
12-1
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78.
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Figure 12-1 shows the structure of a(an) a. | DNA
molecule. | b. | amino acid. | c. | RNA
molecule. | d. | protein. | | |
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79.
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Which
of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA? a. | ribose + phosphate group + thymine | b. | ribose +
phosphate group + uracil | c. | deoxyribose + phosphate group +
uracil | d. | deoxyribose + phosphate group +
cytosine | | |
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80.
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Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of a. | adenine
molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules. | b. | pyrimidines in
DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines. | c. | purines in DNA
is much greater than the percentage of pyrimidines. | d. | cytosine
molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of guanine molecules. | | |
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81.
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DNA
is copied during a process called a. | replication. | b. | translation. | c. | transcription. | d. | transformation. | | |
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82.
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DNA
replication results in two DNA molecules, a. | each with two new strands. | b. | one with two new
strands and the other with two original strands. | c. | each with one
new strand and one original strand. | d. | each with two original strands. | | |
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83.
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During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with
the bases a. | TCGAAC. | b. | GATCCA. | c. | AGCTTG. | d. | GAUCCA. | | |
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84.
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In
eukaryotes, DNA a. | is located in
the nucleus. | b. | floats freely in the cytoplasm. | c. | is located in
the ribosomes. | d. | is circular. | | |
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85.
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RNA
contains the sugar a. | ribose. | b. | deoxyribose. | c. | glucose. | d. | lactose. | | |
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86.
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Unlike DNA, RNA contains a. | adenine. | b. | uracil. | c. | phosphate groups. | d. | thymine. | | |
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87.
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Which
of the following are found in both DNA and RNA? a. | ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine | b. | deoxyribose,
phosphate groups, and guanine | c. | phosphate groups, guanine, and
cytosine | d. | phosphate groups, guanine, and
thymine | | |
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88.
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How
many main types of RNA are there? a. | 1 | b. | 3 | c. | hundreds | d. | thousands | | |
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89.
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Which
type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis? a. | transfer RNA
only | b. | messenger RNA
only | c. | ribosomal RNA
and transfer RNA only | d. | messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer
RNA | | |
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90.
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Which
of the following are copied from DNA? a. | mRNA only | b. | mRNA, tRNA, and
rRNA | c. | mRNA and tRNA
only | d. | proteins | | |
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91.
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What
is produced during transcription? a. | RNA molecules | b. | DNA
molecules | c. | RNA polymerase | d. | proteins | | |
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92.
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During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed a. | that is
complementary to both strands of DNA. | b. | that is identical to part of a single strand of
DNA. | c. | that is
double-stranded. | d. | inside the nucleus. | | |
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93.
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What
happens during the process of translation? a. | Messenger RNA is made from DNA. | b. | The cell uses
information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. | c. | Transfer RNA is
made from messenger RNA. | d. | Copies of DNA molecules are made. | | |
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94.
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During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide
depends on the a. | codon on the
mRNA only. | b. | anticodon on the mRNA only. | c. | anticodon on the
tRNA to which the amino acid is attached only. | d. | codon on the
mRNA and the anticodon on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached. | | |
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95.
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Genes
contain instructions for assembling a. | purines. | b. | nucleosomes. | c. | proteins. | d. | pyrimidines. | | |
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96.
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Which
type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code? a. | rRNA | b. | tRNA | c. | mRNA | d. | RNA polymerase | | |
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97.
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If a
specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein
is a. | always
transcribed. | b. | never expressed. | c. | turned on and
off at different times. | d. | not regulated. | | |
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98.
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Amino
acid is to protein as a. | fat is to lipid. | b. | DNA is to
RNA. | c. | sugar is to
fat. | d. | simple sugar is
to starch. | | |
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99.
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Which
of the following is NOT a function of proteins? a. | store and transmit heredity | b. | help to fight
disease | c. | control the rate of reactions and regulate cell
processes | d. | build tissues such as bone and muscle | | |
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